Password Cracker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Password Cracker - Research Paper Example All the possible combinations of characters are tested against the encrypted passwords that are obtained in the brute-force dialog, in most of the tools that use brute force technique. We can understand this as a thief cracking a locked cupboard and trying different combinations of numbers. The key space of all possible combinations of passwords is calculated using the following formula: KS = L^(m) + L^(m+1) + L^(m+2) + ........ + L^(M) Let’s say that we want to crack LanManager passwords (LM) using the character set "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" of 26 letters. In this case, the brute-force cracker will try the above formula in this way: KS = 26^1 + 26^2 + 26^3 + ...... + 26^7 = 8353082582 8353082582 is the number of different keys that the brute force cracker tool will try. Now let’s suppose that we want to crack the same password but this time the character set is â€Å"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789!@#$%^&*()-_+=~`[]{}|\:;"',.?/". Then, using the same formula i n this case, the number of different keys to try rises to 6823331935124. An extensive key search cracking is a very time consuming task. However, if we are using the right character set, password cracking becomes a relatively easy process. Figure 1 shows a dialogue that asks the user to either put in a character set which is predefined or put in a customized character set. The initial password can also be altered to begin a previous attack again. There is another option of â€Å"key rate† that shows the number of keys that the attack attempts every second against all encrypted passwords that are loaded. â€Å"Time left† is the time remaining to complete the key space. "Current password" is the real key which is tested by the program. In the... The findings of this research will provide insight of Brute-force as one of the most powerful techniques to break plain authentications. TechTarget on the web defines brute-force technique as: â€Å"Brute force (also known as brute force cracking) is a trial and error method used by application programs to decode encrypted data such as passwords or Data Encryption Standard (DES) keys, through exhaustive effort (using brute force) rather than employing intellectual strategies.† A brute-force attack is the process of deciphering or decrypting an encrypted text by trying each possible key. The key length of the code and the attacker’s computational power is very important in every brute-force attack. The major shortcoming of brute force technique is that it requires too much time to try username and password combinations. Also, brute force attacks are very noisy meaning that they generate too much of traffic along with leaving some evidence of the attack. All the possible combinations of characters are tested against the encrypted passwords that are obtained in the brute-force dialog, in most of the tools that use brute force technique. We can understand this as a thief cracking a locked cupboard and trying different combinations of numbers. Social engineering technique is the oldest method of cracking a password and is done through simple, rogue manipulation of trusting persons. The need of the hour is to spread user awareness and train the employees so that they are able to protect their networks and critical passwords.

Foreign market entry and its implication (Starbucks case study) Essay

Foreign market entry and its implication (Starbucks case study) - Essay Example In particular, the paper looks at Joint Ventures as an example of the company’s market entry into Spain, and its marketing implications. Generally, the company applies market entry modes and marketing mix to build its brand appeal as well as create a unique product appeal and customer loyalty. These choices have long-term implications in the success of the company. Introduction/Company Background Starbucks Corporation is an international company that deals with coffee products, with its headquarters based in Seattle Washington, America. During its commencement in 1971, the company was a retailer and a local coffee roaster; but it has since stretched out swiftly. It has Italian-style coffeehouse chain and it is the world’s largest coffeehouse company, with presence in more than 60 countries and more than 20,000 stores (Starbucks Corporation 2011). It deals with coffee beans, salads, hot and cold drinks, hot and cold sandwiches, snacks, mugs and tumblers, and sweet pastri es. In addition, Starbucks distributes some of its brand through grocery stores, including coffee and ice cream. Its other products include markets films, music, and books through the Hear Music and the Starbucks Entertainment division. Scores of the company’s products are either location specific or seasonal. Starbuck’s most remarkable expansion, when it used to open new stores days on end, was in the 1990s till 2000s. The company started establishing oversees stores in 1990s; and currently, roughly third of its stores are oversees (Starbucks 2012). Market entry According to Albaum and Duerr (2011), market strategy comprises of an entry mode and a marketing plan. Numerous entry strategies that an organization can adopt when venturing into new markets and regions are available. Each strategy comes with differing degrees of advantages, disadvantages, risks and legal obligations (Gilligan & Hird 1986). According to Albaum and Duerr (2011), the entry strategy to be adopte d should take into consideration company objectives and expectations in terms of volume of business to be gained. The strategy should also take into consideration resources required to effectively implement the strategy and patterns of involvement in other regions. On the other hand, political infrastructure, degree of competitive rivalry within the target market, as well as nature of product to be introduced into the target market should be factored (Yavas, Verhage & Green 1992). Starbucks uses different approaches to market entry, especially in its internalization process. Its entry approach is aimed at satisfying the needs and requirements of every market, seeking to fulfill its traditions and cultures. Presently, the company uses three differently entry methods, including licenses, joint ventures and wholly-owned subsidiaries (Webster 2005). Starbucks entered Spain by signing joint venture agreements with VIPS and El Moli Vell and in 2001. This strategy allow for quicker penetra tion, risk diversifications and faster entry into new markets. It also helps the business to avoid barriers of entry. Like any other strategy, this strategy has its shortcomings; which include loss of management control and lack of the ability to recover capital invested among other (Yavas, Verhage & Green 1992). Group VIPS is a leading European retail and food service operator, while El Moli Vell is a retail operator of pastry shops and cafes in Barcelona area. In

American in the 50s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

American in the 50s - Essay Example These changes in social interaction as well as culture were largely brought about by the increase in economic prosperity in the country. People were not struggling as much to get a job or earn a living giving hence leaving them free time to engage in other activities. The presence of peace after the war also led to people having the freedom to be creative in the entertainment arena and hence the cultural development alongside the social development. The cold war made the US take sides with the anti-communists and this meant that it preferred capitalism. Capitalism led to the economic boom and the social changes that took place in the society as every person worked hard on their own initiative and interacted in trade hence creating bonds and friendships in the process. The cold war also created a political climate that was conservative and which did not agree much with direct confrontation that would lead to war. The political climate that was present therefore set the atmosphere of increased productivity and creativity without any cause of alarm for future (Costigliola and Michael

Blood Clotting Essay Example for Free

Blood Clotting Essay Coagulation, or thrombogenesis, is the process by which blood clots in an attempt to restrict blood loss from an injury site, and repair the damaged vessel. Most of the time clotting is a good thing, however there are circumstances when a clot can form abnormally, leading to heart attack, stroke, or other serious medical problems. A blood clot forms almost immediately after the bleeding occurs, which is possible through enzymes and other substances in blood that respond to breaks in vessel walls. The clot is a temporary fix preventing further blood loss. There are four major parts of blood clot formation. The first step in clotting is the formation of the platelet plug. Platelets are the smallest of the three major types of blood cells whose primary function is to prevent bleeding. When encountering a damaged blood vessel, the platelets become stimulated and rush to the injury site where they clump together, forming a plug and restricting the bleeding. They also release substances to begin the chemical reaction of the clotting process. These chemical reactions are responsible for growing the blood clot. Dissolved proteins, also referred to as clotting factors, are contained within the blood for the purpose of promoting blood clots. These proteins send signals to each other and enhance each other’s activity exponentially at the site of injury, resulting in a rapid chemical chain reaction which produces fibrin, the main protein forming clots. This blood clot formed with fibrin is tougher and more durable than the platelet plug. Once the blood clot forms, it is important that it not grow and spread to the rest of the body, which can cause serious damage. This is where â€Å"anti-clotting† comes in to play. Proteins such as antithrombin, protein C, and protein S, are known anti-clotting proteins and exist in a natural balance with the clotting factors. These substances work to neutralize excess clotting factors, preventing the clot from going to places it should not. The final part of the process is where the clot is slowly broken down by the body. Once the damaged tissue heals, the body gradually degrades the clot and reabsorbs it. The tough fibrin strands in a blood clot are dissolved by an enzyme called plasmin. Plasmin is activated by other substances working together to help the clot break down. The whole process of blood clotting is whenever the blood is exposed to certain substances. These are known as thrombogenic substances because they promote the formation of thrombus (clot). Many of these substances, such as tissue factor, collagen, and von Willebrand factor, are located in the skin or in the blood vessel walls, typically separated from flowing blood. If they come into contact with flowing blood, this typically means the blood vessel wall is ruptured and bleeding. A clot may also form when blood is not flowing properly. http://www.hematology.org/patients/blood-disorders/blood-clots/5233.aspx http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-clots

Phylogenetic Analyses of S. Kinabaluensis

Phylogenetic Analyses of S. Kinabaluensis Based on the results obtain from both phylogenetic analyses, the putative parents of S. kinabaluensis are related to two different lineages. In one case, clones #1, #7, #8, #9, and #10 appear to be related to a lineage that includes S. crenata and S. nitidus (Clade 1). In the other case, clones #4 and #6 are closely related to S. alabensis (Clade2) (Figure 12, Figure 13). From both the MP and ML, it shows that S. kinabaluensis is most closely related to S. alabensis where they are aligned together in both tree. Even though the consensus tree has an inclusive low level of resolution and bootstrap support (listed above branches) (Figure 12, Figure 13), the results are in agreement with previous analyses based on ETS and ITS sequence distinction (Shafreena, 2012) suggested that the S. alabensis as one of the potential parents since the polymorphic sites observed are additive between S. alabensis and the potential parents (Shafreena, 2012). However, there is not enough support for this relationship. More data are needed to positively confirm the result. From the phylogenetic analyses, both trees of MP and ML yielded similar results (56% MP, 60% ML). The results of lineage that related to the S. crenata and S. nitidus (Clade 1) are considered as not supported and unresolved due to the low bootstrap value. Therefore, the morphological differences between these two species with S. kinabaluensis were not further evaluated in this study. As for the other lineage, it shows that S. alabensis could be one of the potential parents of S. kinabaluensis although with low bootstrap support value (Clade 2). Therefore, the vegetative and reproductive parts of these two species were observed closely and compared to find out if there is any similarity to support the result of the phylogenetic analysis. As already noted, the distinguishing feature of S. kinabaluensis is that this plant is covered with white stellate hairs on the vegetative and reproductive parts. Based on morphological observation, vegetative parts of S. alabensis are glabrous. However, the reproductive parts especially the inflorescence, branches, peduncles and pedicels do have sparse hairs. Further morphological analysis based on the reproductive parts of both species could not be further observed due to the flowering and fruiting stage while conducting this study. The specimens examined for S. kinabaluensis only had fruits, and as for S. alabensis, the specimens examined were just past flowering and there is no fruit seen. However, the leaf margin which is toothed (only towards the apex) is shared between these two species. Based on the morphological observation and study by Shafreena (2012), the corymb-like inflorescence is also shared by these two species. Therefore, these morphological similarities somehow do support the phylogenetic analyses. A study by Mallet (2007) has mention that in a hybrid speciation, it means that hybridization has had a principal role in the origin of a new species. The derived species initially have exactly one genome from each parent, a 50% contribution from each, although, in older polyploids, recombination and gene conversion may ultimately lead to unequal contributions (Mallet, 2007). However, Arnold (1997) confines the opposite view as, in his opinion, hybrids are often more fit due, not only to the intermix of genotypes from the parents, but also due to the fact that hybridization often creates novel genotypes that may be more fit under certain environmental conditions, particularly disturbed or novel environmental conditions. In this study, the potential parents of S. kinabaluensis still in a question. Therefore, the features and characteristics of S. kinabaluensis could not be fully determined and examined thoroughly. The features and characteristics of S. kinabaluensis might be inherited by the other parents or maybe it is because of the evolution undergoes by the plant itself for its own adaptation to the surrounding. Other than that, the type and phase of elevation of S. kinabaluensis and S. alabensis are more or less to each other which are 1986-2254 m and 1500-1800 m above sea level, respectively. There is not much difference in distance of elevation between this two species and therefore, increase the probability of S. alabensis as one of the putative parents of S. kinabaluensis. However, it seems that the phase of elevation of S. kinabaluensis is higher compared to S. alabensis. Based on this elevation data, it can be correlates with the facts of hybrid speciation. A study by Chase et al. (2010) has stated that once a hybrid species is developed, they faced ecological challenges. When they do become established, there are several potential reasons why they succeed: a) they exhibit transgressive traits (novel mixtures of those exhibited by their parents) that assist their existence in habitats in which neither of their parents can grow, conferring the isolation needed to avoid their reabsorption into the gene pool of one of their parents; or b) their intermediacy in some morphological traits or ecological preferences allows them to utilize a novel niche, again delivering a degree of genetic isolation from both of their parents (Chase et al., 2010). Often such hybrids can only exploit the ecological transition zone between those of their parents, which places them near one or both parents and which may be so inadequate in area that they cannot form viable populations and this intermediates are unlikely to form viable species in their own right (Chase et al., 2010). In this case, the S. kinabaluensis populations grows on a higher elevation compared to S. alabensis, showing that this hybrid species forming a populations near to their parents but with slightly different ecological changes based on the lower temperature at higher elevation. Several lines of molecular evidence support that S. kinabaluensis is of hybrid origin. First, 14 and 16 polymorphic sites for each of two accessions were discovered in the ETS and ITS region (Shafreena, 2012). Based on observation of polymorphic sites of Schefflera species showed that there are 14 species that have between 1-3 polymorphic sites except for S. avenis that has 5 polymorphic sites (Shafreena, 2012). Thus, the presence of 14-16 polymorphic sites of S. kinabaluensis showed an unusual condition (Shafreena, 2012). Second, phylogenetic analyses showed that within-individual cloned ITS repeats were not monophyletic; instead they arose from two distinct lineages (Small Wendel, 2000). From this study, S. kinabaluensis cloned ITS sequences are related to two different lineages. The clones #1, #7, #8, #9 and #10 appear to be related to a lineage that includes S. crenata and S. nitidus. Other clones #4 and #6 are closely related to S. alabensis. Third, although shared nuclear ancestry could simply point out sister relationships with S. alabensis, S. kinabaluensis also allocates nuclear ancestry with a different lineage of species including S. crenata and S. nitidus. To conclude, this molecular phylogenetic information verifies the hypothesis of a hybrid origin for S. kinabaluensis. Quite a lot of additional studies of natural hybridization are needed before the nature of the claimed hybrid origin can be comprehended (Barkman Simpson, 2002). First, it would be of relevance to know if S. kinabaluensis is an allopolyploid or diploid hybrid. Second, artificial crosses should be executed to resolve if there are any obstructions to hybridization between the potential parental species (Barkman Simpson, 2002). For future studies, the limitations in this study should be overcome such as the limitations on the amount of clones produce form the species in order to get a more precise analysis. In addition, a complete morphological description which includes the vegetative and reproductive parts of both the target hybrid species and the putative parents should be done to support the phylogenetic analysis.

Growth and Maturation in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Iwein Essa

Growth and Maturation in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Iwein The Arthurian legends of Iwein and Gawain and the Green Knight are two examples of the medieval initiation story: a tale in which a character, usually in puberty or young adulthood, leaves home to seek adventures and, in the process, maturity. Through the course of their adventures, including a meeting with the man of the wilderness, temptations at the hands of women, and a permanent physical or mental wounding, the character grows from adolescent awkwardness and foolishness to the full potential knightly honor. While both Arthurian legends fit this format, the depth of character development, specifically in terms of relationships, is vastly different. Whereas Gawain and the Green Knight does little more with relationships than demonstrate the evils of female temptations, Iwein effectively explores the formation, destruction, and resurrection of numerous male and female relationships. In order to understand the significance of Hartmann von Aue's development of relationships in Iwein, it's important to first understand the nature of a typical initiation story. Initiation stories almost always deal with the development of a single character; through the course of the story the single character is developed and matured. The meeting with the man of the wilderness and the female temptress may both involve other characters, but in both situations the relationship is used to develop the initiation story. In Iwein, Hartmann uses the growing maturity being developed through the initiation story as a forum for the relationships of the characters; indeed, the focal point of Iwein is less the initiation of the main character than the effect his initiation has on his ... ... the Green Knight: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1968. Hatto, A. T., gen. ed. "Heroes and Heroines." Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry. Volume Two: Characteristics and Techniques. London: The Modern Humanities Research Association, 1989. Hartmann von Aue Iwein Trans. Sheema Zeben Buehne New York, F. Ungar 1966. Huppà ©, Bernard F. "The Concept of the Hero in the Early Middle Ages." Concepts of the Hero in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Eds. Norman T. Burns & Christopher J. Reagan. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975. Krstovic, Jelena O, ed. Introduction to Hartmann von Aue. Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1993. Moorman, Charles. A Knyght There Was: The Evolution of the Knight in Literature. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1967.

Memoirs Of An Invisible Man :: essays research papers

Memoirs of an Invisible Man   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After being caught in a freak industrial accident in New Jersey, Nicholas Haloway decides to try to survive after the accident rendered him absolutely invisible. Soon he learns that no one must know of his invisibilty. Soon afterwards, the army starts searching for him because they feel that his invisibility would be extremely useful in Intillegence missions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Headed by David Jenkens, the project soon invades his apartment, forcing him to leave and find a new place in the city to stay. When he decides to stay at his club, he establishes a daily routine where he accomplishes the task of finding food and sustaining himself in the club. Every day that passes, Nick begins to feel that the government is closer, a few weeks later, David Jenkins shows up at his club and starts to install special doors that would prevent his escape. Nick is now faced with a difficult situation, he has to leave the club, but he also has to leave what has become almost like a home for him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As he finds another club to settle in, Jenkens shows up and begins to raid that club as well. Now Nick is convinced that Jenkens is going to capture him unless he finds a more valid hiding place. Soon Nick begins to search out empty apartments in Manhattan, but finds that Jenkens has once again started to raid empty apartments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nick knows that for his survival, he needs to find a way to keep him financially healthy and have a permanent home that would be almost impossible for Jenkens to trace. Upon arrival at an empty apartment, Nick notices the name on one of the Envelopes, Johnothan R, Crosby. Nick also finds out that the Crosbys live in another country most of the time and their apartment would suit him fine for the temporary time being. First, to prevent Jenkens from finding him, he follow one of Jenken’s men to the office where the headquaters of the investigation are housed, he then burn up most of the papers in the office so that the investigation would lose every thing that they had found.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After knowing that it would be difficult for Jenkens to locate him now, he settles down and creates a stock porfolio with a broker. Knowing that it would be almost impossible to for him to guarentee that he would make enough money on the stock market, he devises a plan to secretly spy on people and find secrets of certain markets and places money on the winning stocks.