Safety Measures In Pakistan Construction Industry Construction Essay

Safety Measures In Pakistan Construction Industry Construction trySafety in the expression sedulousness has always been a study issue. Wherever reliable records are available, social organization is found to be one of the easily-nigh dangerous on preventative and health criteria, particularly in ontogeny countries. Though much alterment in formulation ripety has been achieved, the industry placid continues to lag behind most opposite industries with regard to sentry go.Pakistan is a developing country and currently enjoys a relatively strong growth in construction sound. Unfortunately, Pakistans construction industry suffers from poor safety and health conditions. The frame build of the existing occupational and health conditions is fragmented and inadequately enforced, making construction sites much hazardous. It may even be argued that relevant regulations are outdated and irrelevant in day-to-day construction operations.Like many developing countries of the worl d, Pakistan at present does non have comprehensive occupational health and safety laws. The number of injuries and illnesses is probably very high in Pakistan because thousands of workers are routinely exposed to hazardous work in construction industry. However, there is no reliable selective information on occupational safety and health injuries and illnesses because a majority of accidents are not account to the regulatory agencies. The regulatory agencies neither have an effective enforcement policy nor strict requirements for reporting injuries and illness at work places. Another reason of such indents is the un takeed behaviour of workers towards safety measures and rules.This lease focus on depicted object culture and safety mood in the construction industry in Pakistan. More specifically, it investigates the safety perceptions, attitudes, and behaviour of Pakistani construction workers and prudence safety practices. It go away present the practical results of a number of questionnaire surveys administrate in Pakistan targeting construction workers, and managers with safety management responsibilities.Due to a relatively new awareness of construction safety in Pakistan, the construction industry lacks infrastructure for proper construction safety standards and plans. This study provide the way to improve management system of rules to reduce injuries at construction site and some useful insights into the main players of the Pakistani construction industry for a greater understanding of (1) risk perceptions, attitudes and safe/unsafe work behaviour of construction workers (2) managers safety practices and their preferences and (3) the extent to which workers attitudes and perceptions and their behaviour are associated with their national culture. This data not only adds to the understanding of the implications of Pakistani pagan values on the construction organization, but also provides new knowledge for construction managers who will be better a ble to understand the culture at bottom which they operate and improve outcomes. The results of this research will be of use to a cross-sectional range of workers and managerswhy are you interested in the project?Safety of a workforce employed in the construction industry has always been a matter of concern for employers and labour organizations in developing countries.Previous research has shget that improving the accuracy in the recording of incidents (or accidents) is one way in which the safety management system could be improved. Without a robust safety management system it is impossible to provide a safe working environment for employees.In order to improve health and safety systems, developing countries should look at systems in place in developed countries. In these countries the situation is quite the opposite, and therefore they can be used as a guide as to what can be achieved in the health and safety area of the construction industry in developing countries.Though a lot of preventive measures have been implemented and enforced to ensure the safety of labourers in the developing countries, there is still much more(prenominal)(prenominal) that needs to be done in this area to reduce the chances of any unfortunate situations arising.Astonishingly, in certain parts of developing countries like Pakistan, safety rules at bottom construction companies usually do not exist and if they do in a rough form. Most companies do not even follow rules considered base in developed countries, for example appropriate PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), and adequate signage.For this research, appropriate methods for data collection would surely be questionnaire surveys and inter vox populis. The questionnaire will have both qualitative and quantitative items for this research and it includes open-ended and close-ended questions. The open-ended questions will be providing with a view to obtain as much as information possible astir(predicate) site safety conditio ns and plans. This questionnaire also has several quantitative measures (Keys) built into it. These quantitative measures (Keys) will provide to facilitate the intention to translate the qualitative impressions gathered by and by each interview into some measurable rating scales. In addition, each management supply was asked for their personal and professional information background (i.e. age, job title, obtain in construction and safety training received). Finally management was asked to provide personal suggestions for improvements to the safety systems at the site.And finally the data which will collect from the questionnaire surveys and interviews will analyse and the analytical analysis will undertake.For secondary data there has been increasing interest in trying to understand how management practices and organizational factors wallop on workplace, workers and their safety. Some research papers have focused on workplace managers as role models for instilling safety awarene ss and supporting safe behaviour also I will use internet search for this research.The construction industry plays a vital role in the social and economic development of all countries. The importance and role of the construction industry in the economy of any country has been confirmed by several studies, including Coble and Haupt (1999). However, when compared with other (labour intensive) industries, the construction industry has historically experienced a disproportionately high rate of disabling injuries and fatalities for its size (Hinze, 1997). Kartam and Bouz (1998) identified the advancement in social sciences as having promoted a greater awareness of the purity of life and the unacceptability of premature death due to work-related accidents.Past researches has shown that the high number of construction site accidents is a ecumenic problem of much concern. Though notable improvements in construction worker safety at sites have been achieved, the industry continues to lag b ehind most other industries with regard to safety (National Safety Council, 1999). According to Davies and Tomasin (1996), there are a number of reasons why accident records within the construction industry compare severely with those of the manufacturing industry. In factories, there is normally a controlled working environment, with little change in the working procedures and equipment over long periods additionally, the labour force usually body fairly constant. Thus once identified, hazards can be remedied with relative ease, and the danger mitigated. However the eggshell is quite antithetical in the construction industry as the working environment is constantly changing.The construction industry is a mixture of incompatible organisations, which directly and indirectly influence the construction process. These organisations include property developers, architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, accountants, lawyers, civil engineering contractors, engineering contractors, m anagement contractors, labourers, subcontractors and specialist trades. The same complexity can be found with construction workplaces. Within the workplace Construction processes need hazardous activities, such as working at height, manual handling, exposure to hazardous materials, demolition, frame erection, lifting operations, scaffolding and ground works, bulk materials and heavy equipment handling, as well as the varying jobsite personnel and the regularly changing worksites. A further characteristic of the industry, that makes management of this sector more troublesome, is the unfavourably high supervisor-worker ratio. Supervisors who have more a personal and positive relationship with workers have more favourable safety performance records (Hinze, 1997 Levitt Samelson, 1993). This relationship is harder to develop if the ratio is too high, which is generally the case within the construction industry (Smallwood, 2000). Rowlinson and Lingard (1996) have attributed the prototyp e nature of construction projects, the transient nature of work, low education levels of the workforce and high levels of subcontracting, as major contributing factors to poor safety records within the construction industry worldwide.There is a wide variation in economic structures, occupational structures, working conditions, work environment, and the health status of workers in different regions of the world, in different countries and in different sectors of the economy. Therefore the mechanisation of the construction industry is not uniform passim the world. However, as stated earlier, the construction industry plays a vital role in boosting the economy of any country, especially a developing country. It provides the infrastructure necessitate for other sectors of the economy to flourish. Many studies, such as Coble and Haupt (1999) have shown that construction industry reflects the level of economic development within the country. The construction sector everywhere faces pro blems and challenges. However, in developing countries, these difficulties and challenges are present alongside a general level of socio-economic stress and a lower productivity rate when compared to developed countries (Ofori, 2000). even so it is generally believed that the industry is a good source of employment at various levels of skills, from a general labour to semi-skilled, skilled and specialist workforce. Other major areas that impacts on this sector are lack of research and development, lack of trade and safety training, client dissatisfaction, and the continuously increasing construction costs (all of which result in less profitability).A lot of analyst found that, in most developing countries, for example like India, there are no training programs for staff and workers therefore, no orientation for new staff or workers is conducted, hazards are not pointed out and no safety meetings are held. Employees are expected to learn from their own mistakes and experience.It is widely accepted that unsafe behaviour is intrinsically linked to workplace accidents. A positive correlation exists between workers safe behaviour and the safety temper within construction site environments. Construction workers attitudes towards safety are influenced by their perceptions of risk, management, safety rules and procedures. A variety of studies, including Niskanen (1994), Glendon and Litherland (2001) and Mohamed (2002) have investigated the construction safety climate within developed countries. In the majority of these studies, researchers have either developed a new model or replicated an already tested model with a view to improving its adequacy. However, there is a lack of research in this area in the context of developing countries.Pakistan is a developing country that is currently enjoying relatively strong growth in construction activities. Unfortunately, the enforcement of safety regulations is not widespread within Pakistan. Some may even argue that the fram ework of existing occupational and health conditions of Pakistans construction industry is fragmented and inadequately enforced. Likewise in any industry, good health and safety conditions form good and safe duty practice. Therefore, it is believed the integration of safety and health measures into a total management system, within the construction sector in Pakistan, could contribute significantly to the cost efficiency, quality federal agency and environmental protection of the company and its employees.Cultural differences have a significant impact upon industrial safety culture and help in understanding the different approaches to accident prevention and safety management. Knowledge of heathen differences cannot be acquired without first understanding what culture is. Although culture is used widely to describe variations among people from different nations or of different ethnicities, there is no single, accepted definition. There is, however, a commonly-used set of characte ristics that helps to identify culture 1) culture includes systems of values2) Culture is learned, not essential 3) culture distinguishes one group from another and 4) culture influences beliefs, attitudes, perceptions and behaviour in a somewhat uniform and predictable way (Bird, 2003). As safety climate is often portrayed as a temporal measure of culture (Cheyne et al., 1998) this last characteristic of culture is most important, as it relates the national culture to the safety climate. Safety climate also refers to the shared perceptions, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of the worker, regarding safety in their workplace. Ngowi and Mothibi (1996), in a study of 30 construction sites in Botswana, found cultural differences were a major reason for viewing safety procedures differently. Site managers in that study stated that the safety gear provided to employees from impoverished backgrounds were often sold. The managers also referred to the cultural habits of drinking alcohol or taking herbal drugs. They identified a tendency for workers to travel to work in smart clothes and to leave the construction site to spend their money as soon as they received their wages. Experience with traditional construction techniques, such as the use of mud obscure by hand, proved to be obstacles in getting workers to appreciate the need to wear gloves when working with concrete. Further, some local cultures were considered more emotional or more dominant, thus causing certain difficulties with effective safety management.The literature review revealed a lack of research work undertaken on the influence (direct or indirect) of national culture on local safety conditions in the construction industry. This deficiency is a major contributor to the development of this current research rationale which focuses on workers and management characteristics, and how these characteristics in turn, can influence the safety climate of the workplace.

Smartphone Operating Systems: Evaluation Enhancements

Smart think Operating Systems Evaluation EnhancementsMuneer Ahmad DarJaved ParvezAbstractThe increasing number of fluid tally systems that operates the sm in each in whole hand held devices c bothed the Smartphone, has become integral part of our lives. The openness of these new milieus has lead to new do important of apps and markets and has en equald greater integration with existing online service like e-banking etc. Smartphone makers be competing in turns to trump each other for storage, processor speed, platform compatibility and camera megapixels but its the largely softw are the busy OS that makes the biggest difference to the popularity and market share of Smartphone. This paper evaluates the popular Smartphone Operating Systems with the purpose of understanding the exerciser friendliness, popularity, substance ab drug user privacy and security and accessibility with the colossal range of apps. Our research foc apply on the advantages and limitations of the Sma rtphone operating systems with the intension to find out if one of them has an edge on the other and finally we propose the enhancements so as to make them more user friendly and secure. Keywords wide awake Operating Systems Smartphone Apps Processor speed Megapixels Security Accessibility.IntroductionSmartphone have become indispensible part of our bread and butter and everyone who uses it is getting addicted. Smartphone provides a wide variety of apps ranging from social networking to GPS based location searching that are useful for everyone in their day today tasks. In a study of 1,600 people including managers and professionals 1, Leslie Perlow, found that70% people said they check their Smartphone within an bit of getting up.56% check their phone within an hour of going to sleep.48% check over the weekend, including on Friday and Saturday nights.51% check continuously during vacation.44% said they would experience a great deal of fretfulness if they lost their phone and co uldnt replace it for a week.With these many professionals becoming dependent on Smartphone, which has necessary components of the computing platform an operating system, applications and hardware. The main component of a Smartphone on which its functionality depends is the operating system ASmartphone,tablet or any other digital smooth device is operated by the Operating system called the spry OS. Modern mobile operating systems embroils all the features of apersonal computeroperating system and in rundown to that includes the features like atouch screen, stallular,Bluetooth,Wi-Fi,speech recognition,voice recorder, GPS mobile navigation,camera,video camera,music p storey etc.The Smartphone operating system (OS) development has gr ingest to include competitors such as Google, Microsoft, Apple, Symbian, and medallion with each of them trying to make it more user friendly and secure. Although these operating system platforms are trying their best and have come achieved a hand out since their inception, none of these Smartphone companies provide a mobile OS that is ideal and satisfies all the users in terms of user friendliness and privacy. They claim that their platforms perform the best in all situations and bequeath certainly not advertise any weakness with their Operating systems. This makes it challenging for end users particularly to a novice user to do which platform is best suited for their need.In this paper, we perform a comprehensive analysis of each mobile operating system in order to draw the strengths of one Operating System over other operating system. Section II gives the overview of various Smartphone operating systems. In section III we identify the limitations of mobile operating systems. In section IV we propose the enhancements which could be implemented in the Smartphone Operating Systems and finally we draw our conclusions in section V.Smartphone Operating Systems humanoidAndy Rubin, Googles director of mobile platforms, commented T here should be nothing that users give the bounce access on their desktop that they cant access on their cell phone. 1. with this vision the popularity of smart phones having Googles humanoid Operating System is continuously on the work up in the 21st century..Android is a comprehensive operating environment based on Linux kernel, it is also a layered system the architecture of Android system is shown as in picture 3. Applications layer is the site of all Android applications including an email client, SMS program, maps, browser, contacts, and others. whole applications are written victimization the Java programming language. Application framework layer defined the Android application framework. All Android applications are based on the application framework. The Android application framework includingA rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an application with beautiful user interface, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even out an embeddable web browser.A set of Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data.A Resource Manager that provides access to non code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout filesA Notification Manager that enables all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar.An Activity Manager that manages the lifecycle of applications and provides a common navigation back stack.1. somaure 1 Android System architecture 3Some of the advantages of Android over other Smartphone operating systems is listed as under.The ability to run tens of thousands of apps just like the iPhone but with choice of phone models that you can necessitate from. The choice of with or without physical keyboard, shape, color, phone size, screen size, manufacturer, features, and phone carrier. No more monopoly by one company on one carrier.Android chuck up the sponge developers/programmers to develop apps (applications) in what is known as application without borders.Android is beginner friendly and supremely customizable the more you use Googles services, the more Android will decrease Android has the majority of the market and the user experience is improving quickly.Googles Android Now checks your location and calendar to automatically show you relevant information e.g. traffic to work, cafes, and flight details and lets you search with natural voice leave outs and replies with natural speech.Android is an open source service. This means that its free and anyone can use it. Anyone can modify and improve the software making it more effective and personalized. Applications are freely made and designed for Android by numerous app developers all over the world and these apps are offered for free on the Android market place. This feature of open source has also attracted mobile phone producers to manufacture phones using Android OSAndroid is not just an operating system designed for individuals but i t also fulfills your patronage needs at the same clock. Android market place offers numerous apps that are specially designed to manage your business. Now you can have a closer look at your business processes on the go with the help of these apps.IPHONE OSiOS is the mobile operating system authentic by Apple Inc. It is the second most commonly used operating system behind Googles Android. Unlike Android it can be instituteed only on Apples hardware.The iPhone OS has seen a rapid rise in popularity and garnered a large and dedicated user base. The iPhone OS has risen so far and so fast primarily due to the innovations on user interface and availability of 3rd party applications 11.Unlike the Android security architecture, iOS security model provides varied philosophy for achieving mobile device security and users protection. The iOS application platform empowers developers to create new applications and to contribute to the application store. However, each application submitted by a third party developer is sent to the revisal process. During the revision process the application code is analyzed by professional developers who make sure that the application is safe before it is released the application store. However, such an application, when installed, gets all the permits on a mobile device. Application might access local camera, 3G/4G, Wi-Fi or GPS module without users knowledge. While Android lets each user handle its own security on their own responsibility, the iOS platform makes developers to spare safe code using iOS secure APIs and prevents malicious applications from getting into the app store. The iOS security APIs are located in the Core work layer of the operating system and are based on services in the Core OS (kernel) layer of the operating system 14. Application that needs to execute a network task, may use secure networking functions through the API called CFNetwork , located in the Core Services layer. The iOS security implementation includes a daemon called the Security Server that implements several security protocols. The Security Server has no API with public access. Instead, applications use the Keychain Services API, the Certificate, Key, and confidence services API, which in turn gets access with the Security Server.SYMBIANThe Symbian OS was designed specifically for mobile devices with its small memory footprint and consumes low power. It is an open OS, modify third party developers to write and install applications independently from the device manufacturers. An extensive C++ API is provided which allows access to services such as telephony and messaging, in addition to basic OS functionality. The Symbian OS was designed so applications could run for years without losing the user data. Also the OS has the capability of being platform independent and can run on more than one hardware platform 6, 7, 8, 9.WINDOWS MOBILEThis platform is based on Windows CE (WinCE). WinCe is a compact OS specifically desig ned for pervasive devices. It is focused on providing a consistent interface for applications on various hardware platforms which emphasizes portability by providing the user with the Win32 API. The hardware platforms include Packet PCs, Smartphone, Portable Media Centers, and even onboard computers in automobiles. The Windows Mobile platform was designed for flexibility and with the developer in mind. For that reason it was designed to support lots of preemptive multitasking. It supports a whopping 256 priority levels for threads and up to 32 processes. It supports all of the standard mutual exclusion and synchronization methods you would expect from a desktop PC. This functionality makes it ideal for a Smartphone because the users typically demand multitasking and want to be as productive as possible 4, 7, 8, 9 .PALM OSPalm OS is a trademarked operating system originally developed by Palm Inc. In the early versions (preGarnet), the Palm OS was primarily utilized in Palmdeveloped Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) mobile hardware units. At one point, Palm PDAs with the Palm OS held 85% of the market share in the mobile device market 12. However, in recent years, Palms market share has been in decline, mostly due to the stagnant nature of the OS development and has yielded the leading lieu to Symbian 6, 7, 8, 12.Limitations of Mobile OsAs discussed in the previous sections, the mobile operating systems are competing for the major market share and are claiming to be the best for the users, to that degree they have number of limitations in their platforms which for obvious reasons they are not disclosing to their users. The malicious apps aimed at mobile devices have risen from just about 14,000 to 40,000 in less than a year. This rise in the malicious apps requires the strong OS. The limitations of the Mobile operating systems are listed as underAll or No liberty A user cannot grant single permissions, while rejecting others in order to install the app. Amon g the list of permissions an app might request a suspicious permission among the other legitimate permissions, will still be able to confirm the installation.Mobile devices may download malware which the mobile OS is not able to trace. The novice users may download apps that tick malware unknowingly because it can be disguised as a come up known game, security patch by OS, utility, or other useful application. It is difficult for users to tell the difference between a legitimate app and one containing malware.Often, the users of the app cannot judge the appropriateness and legitimacy of permissions for the app in question. In some cases it may be well understood, for example when a chess game app requests the privilege to reboot the Smartphone or to send SMS messages. In many cases, however, users will simply not be able to understand the appropriateness of the permission.Functionality, which is supposed to be possible only given the appropriate permissions, can still be achieved with less number of permissions or even with none at all.In case of the iOS , the user is not at all informed about any of the permissions. The app can access any of the resources without the permission of the user.Resistance of Android and iOS against various attacks.Proposed OS EnhancementsIn order to enhance the security of the mobile operating systems we propose the following EnhancementsNeed Based Permission System (NBS) The Need-Based Security (NBS) system designed to enhance the privacy of the user at run time. The main advantage of the proposed NBS system is that the user is informed about the authorized and unauthorized access of the resources at run time. The NBS system can be implemented in the operating system to provide the permissions at run time. Currently the Os is either including all the permissions without the information of the user as in case of iOS or it forces the user to accept all the permissions at install time as in case of the worlds popular OS Android. T he most important file AndroidManifest.xml which lists the permissions of the app can be modified at run time by providing the need based permission system whenever the app is asking for the permission the user may be informed at that moment. For example, let us evidence the Dial Kashmir app available on Google Play which gives all the details of Tourist places in Kashmir and contact details of important places like universities, government offices etc. The main permission this app may require is the INTERNET. If it includes MANAGE_ACCOUNTS which is the permission that allows the app to retrieve the user account information from the phone, our operating system will get the permission from the user at run time to access the resource and if user allows then only the permission will be granted. The main advantage of our NBS system is that it gives freedom to the users and the programmers to write a code which does not result in usability issues. Need based permission system and gettin g permission approvals at run time is a relatively new but promising approach as it gives lot of freedom to the novice users.Security API In order to deal with the malicious apps downloaded by the user, we propose a security API which can be integrated with the existing security framework of mobile operating system. The objective is to provide security against the Apps which are installed by the end user and is given all the permissions at the time of installation. This enhanced security has the desirable property of not disturbing a firm user in any noticeable delegacy. In fact, the user need not even be aware that the Security API has been applied. We have to prevent the limiting and access of data from mobile phones by other external malicious applications unknowingly. We propose an API which will enhance the security of existing Android Framework.The first stones throw in our proposed security API is implemented by adapting an encryption technique utilizing Advanced Encrypti on Algorithm (AES) and applying it to all the personal files in the Smartphone. File operations offered by the proposed Security API should aid in the detection of potentially malicious Apps whose behavior matches that of Malware. Malware recognition is usually achieved by signature matching, heuristic analysis, or comparing hash-valuesFig 4 Sequence Diagram of the SystemConclusionThe increasing trend of Smartphone usage by individuals of all ages has brought forward stiff competition between different Smartphone OSs and Googles Android OS. However, recent researches and reports revealed that the novice users are not secure on these platforms because of the limitations of these OS. We found different types of limitations in various mobile Os and particularly in Android and iOS which are the leading mobile Operating Systems. We found that there is a major need of modification in the permission based model of security system and we strongly recommended the implementation of Need based security system in the mobile operating systems so that the novice user can be informed at run time about the access to its various resources.ReferencesPerlow, L.A. Sleeping with your smartphonehow to break the 24-7 habbit and change the way you work, Harvard Business review press, 2012.Kataria, A. Anjali, T. Venkat, R., Quantifying smartphone vulnerabilities,Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), 2014 International Conference on, vol., no., pp.645,649, 20-21 Feb. 2014doi 10.1109/SPIN.2014.Bornstein, Dan. 2008. Dalvik VM Internals. http//sites.google.com/site/io/dalvikvminternalsDelac, G. Silic, M. Krolo, J., Emerging security threats for mobile platforms,MIPRO, 2011 Proceedings of the 34th International Convention, vol., no., pp.1468,1473, 23-27 May 2011Muneer Ahmad Dar and Javed Parvez. A Novel Strategy to Enhance the Android Security Framework.International Journal of Computer Applications91(8)37-41, April 2014. Published by Foundation of Computer Science, New York, U SA.Cleron, Mike. Androidology Part 2 of 3 Architecture Overview. 11 November, 2007.http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=fL6gSd4ugSICleron, Mike. Androidology Part 3 of 3 Architecture Overview. 11 November, 2007.http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPukbH6DlY .8 DeviceForge.com. 2006. Sun blesses Java phone.http//www.deviceforge.com/news/NS6109398413.html (accessed 14 April 2009).Dilger, Daniel E. iPhone 2.0 SDK The No Multitasking Myth. 13 March 2008. Roughly Drafted Magazine. http//www.roughlydrafted.com/2008/03/13/iphone20 sdkthenomultitaskingmyth/ (accessed 8February 2009).Dilger, Daniel E. iPhone OS X Architecture the Mach join and RAM. 13 July 2007. Roughly DraftedMagazine. http//www.roughlydrafted.com/2007/07/13/iphoneosxarchitecturethemachkernelandram/Faas, Ryan and David Haskin. Review Which smart phone OS works best?.http//www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasicarticleId=911702114. Apple inc., iOS Reference Library, Security Overview, http//developer.apple.c om/library/ios/documentation/Security/Conceptual/Security_Overview/Introduction/Introduction.html//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP30000976-CH201-TPXREF101

Napster :: essays research papers

Treble in the Music IndustryClose to four months ago, when I perceive the intelligence information Napster I thought it was a new phrase for telling people they had nappy hair. I had no idea what it was, but yet I heard everyone around me talking about it, so I surfed on the internet and decided to check it out. I went ahead and downloaded it the program, not kat onceing four months from now Napster would have a tremendous influence and impact in the music industry, changing the way we view music forever. First of all, what is Napster? Napster is a program created by Shawn Fanning, an 18 course of instruction old inarticulate teenager, who was frustrated trying to find good music on the internet ,and how so many of the pointers on the websites go current music seem to only led to dead ends.it is a program enabling users to transfer music files directly without going through a centralized file server or middle man. (Greenfield 1), Napster is program that freed a vast library of c opyrighted music, turning the music industry on its head.For diaphanous reasons, ushering artists as well as record companies are in opposition to napster, which are the loss in profit and sales and piracy issues that stool with copyright regulation and code. As Greenfield states, Napster has forced the record companies to rethink their business models and record company lawers and enter artists to defend their intellectual property. Changing the way the record companies have been operating their business for centuries by an 18 year old inarticulate teenager is not an easy pill to swallow the record companies light upon much offense to this partially because Napster is the fastest growing site in history, passing the 25 million mark in less than a year of operation. ( Greenfield) and potentially taking away 25 million consumers from their business. Napster sends a disruptive message of change to the music industry, kicking out the old and bringing in the new and because of thi s the profitable orderly business of recording, promoting and selling music will never be the same again. Basically the music industry will change state obsolete, thus losing jobs in the music industry, but according to TIME magazine, record sales have gone up and there is virtually no recital that record sales are at a loss.(pg.56) due to Napster, and free internet trade. Free internet music trade actually promotes new artists and recording artists by allowing the user to download music free of charge, and listen to their music allowing the user to make the decision whether or not to purchase the album.

Philosophy of Childhood and the Politics of Subjectivity :: Children Papers

Philosophy of Childhood and the Politics of SubjectivityThe Western onto-theological tradition has long been preoccupied with two symbolizations of childhood. genius conceives of it as an original unity of being and knowing, an exemplar of completed identity. The other conceives of childhood as deficit and danger, an exemplar of the untamed appetite and the uncontrolled will. In the economy of Plato and Aristotles tripartite self, the child is ontogenetically out of balance. She is incapable of bringing the three parts of the self into a right hierarchal relation base on the domination of reason. In other words, attaining grownuphood means eradicating the child. Freuds reformulation of the Platonic community of self combines the two symbolizations. His model creates an opening for shifting causality relations between the elements of the self. He opens the way toward what Kristeva calls the subject-in-process, a pluralism of relationships rather than an organization constituted by exclusions and hierarchies. After Freud, the child comes to stand for the inexpugnable demands of desire. Through talks with this child, the postmodern adult undergoes the dismantling of the notion of subjectivity based on domination, and moves toward the continuous reconstruction of the subject-in-process. The Child and the Second HarmonyThe child first appears in the known ancient texts, not as a beginning, but as an end. She represents the idea of the fulfillment of spiritual growth as a reversal of the purport cycle. In the 6th century B.C. Lao Tzu says, He who is in harmony with the Tao is wish wella newborn child. Its bones are soft, its muscles are weak, but its grip is powerful. . . The Masters power is like this. He lets all things come and go effortlessly, without desire. (1) Jesus speaks of the attainment of spiritual maturity as becoming like little children. (2) Plotinus contrasts children with adults, whose faculty and mental exercise are busied upon a multitude of subjects passed quickly over all, lingering on none. Among children, on the other hand, objects achieve presence, because the childs attention is not scattered, dispersed in the creation of multiplicity. (3)In this grand perennial Western mythos, the child represents an original ontological unity of being and knowing, thought and experience identity realized. The child is premoral, the realized adult postmoral. The story of the journey from one to the other begins with a Fall into division. It is, as the story goes, a necessary fall, for it inaugurates a psychological and spiritual journey which if you dont lapse in the desert of adulthood promises self-reintegration on a higher level.

Amenhotep IV and Art and Religion Essay -- History Historical Amenhote

Amenhotep IV and Art and ReligionThe influence Amenhotep IV had on stratagem and religion of his succession caused him to be one of the most controversial Egyptian pharaohs of all time. The 10th force of the 18th dynasty, he has been called the most remarkable king to sit on Egypts throne. He has also earned the honor of being called the first individual in human history.1The cult of Aten did machinate before his rule, perhaps as early as 1411 B.C. It paid homage to the sun, its central idea was living on maat, that is, variously translated as accountability, justice, and truth. The doctrine of this religion failed to win the approval or support of any but Akhenatens followers. It is said that cult of Aten did not have an good code. It centered around gratitude towards life the sun for life and warmth. Ankh was life the force that the sun-disk (Atens ) rays bestowed on man in most of the art.The people could not tap directly to Aten. They directed their prayers instead to the king, who was the only person who could directly pray to Aten. The religion was such an intellectual and introspective nature that the people couldnt extrapolate it. Therefore, it was inevitable that it would not gain popularity.2Akhenatens father was Amenhotep III, who reigned from 1358-1340. He made a break from tradition when he married a commoner, Tiy, who became Akhenatens mother.3 He was raised in a traditional manner, but he eventually showed a preference to devotion the god Aten, rather than the traditional Amun. For some time he ruled as co- regent with his father. He changed his name early in his reign from Amenhotep IV to Akhenaten, meaning One who pleases Aten. His wife, commonly k right awayn as Nefertiti, became Neter-Nefru-Aten, meaning, Beautiful is the beauty of Aten.4When he changed his name, it was like a formal declaration of his new religion. He moved the capital of Egypt to a place now called Tell el - Amarna Akhenaton and in year 6 of his reign began to buil d a new city which he called Akhenetaton The Place of Atens Effective Power. He swore an oath never to go beyond the bounds of the city. This is today taken not to mean that he would never leave it, but that he wouldnt push the bounds of the city beyond designated boundary stones.5In the first few years Akhenaten instituted some changes. He began to build a place to worship a n... ...nally, with the excavation of Amarna and Thebes, his existence was beyond question. For a good ten years, there records had shown no pharaoh at all.23 Endnotes1Edward Malone, Akhenaton. n.p. 1997, 1.2Breasted, James Henry. A account of Egypt from the Earliest multiplication to the Persian Conquest. (New York Simon and Schuster, 1992), 201.3Edward Malone, Akhenaton.4Ibid.,1.5Ibid. 2.6H.W. Janson. History of Art. (New Jersey Prentice Hall Inc. 1962), 57.7Ibid., 48.8Ibid., 58.9Ibid., 57.10Phillip Vandenberg. The Golden Pharoah. (New York Macmillian Publishing Co., 1980), 49.11Ibid., 51.12Akhenaton Encyclo pedia Britannica, Vol. 1, 1989, 188.13Ibid., 189.14Phillip Vandenberg. The Golden Pharoah. 299.15H.W. Hanson. History of Art. 49. 16Ibid., 57.17Phillip Vandenberg. The Golden Pharoah. 299.18James Henry Breasted. A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to The Persian Conquest. 20219R.J. Williams. Amenhotep and the Hymn to Aten Gods of the Ancient and Near East. (London Thomas Nelson, 1958), 2.20Ibid., 1.22Edward Malone. Akhenaton.3.23Phillip Vandenberg. The Golden Pharoah. 97.

The Benefits of Implementing Talking Circles in the Classroom Essay

I spent my volunteer experience with Dr. Geis special needs classroom at County Elementary School and throughout my participation, the most define observation was that of the teachers and staff members. Naturally, some employees ar better than others at fulfilling tasks. However, as time passed, I noticed that certain employees had difficulty starting each daytime fresh, free of the pressure and tension that may have accumulated from the previous day. I only volunteered a couple of times a week so my ability to wipe the slate clean was easier. Nevertheless, I can understand how taxing and repetitive the process can be for the full length of a school year. According to the National Commission on Teaching about, one-third of all new teachers leave after three years, and 46 percent are gone within five years (Kopkowski). The relatively high attrition rate of teachers is known as teacher burnout. Teacher burnout can be attributed to twain physical and emotional factors which may incl ude, classroom disruptions, inadequate salaries, oversized classes, overbearing parents, excessive paperwork, cutbacks in supplies or materials, threats, harassment, assaults, violence, or problems with co-workers or with administrators (Campbell). The National Commission on Teaching estimates costs up to, $7 billion a year, as districts and states recruit, hire, and try to retain new teachers (Kopkowski). Teacher burnout is financially and socially affecting schools, communities, and society. The suggest of this paper is to identify factors that may lead to teacher burnout, acknowledge the effects of the issue, and provide solutions to better manage the stress of teaching.In The Relationship between pupil Behaviour Patterns and Teacher Burnout... ...y. 2014.Clear, Todd R. Imprisoning Communities. 1st ed. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.Clifford, Amos. Teaching Restorative Practices With Classroom Circles. 1st ed. 2013. Print.Glassman, Bernard, and Rick Fields. Instru ctions To The Cook. 1st ed. New York Bell Tower, 1996. Print.Hastings, Richard P, and Mohammed S Bham. The Relationship Between Student Behaviour Patterns And Teacher Burnout. School Psychology International 24.1 (2003) 115--127. Print.Kopkowski, Cynthia. Why They Leave. NEA. N. p., 2014. Web. 2 May. 2014.Mindgarden.com,. Maslach Burnout Inventory By Christina Maslach, Susan E. Jackson, Michael P. Leiter, Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Richard L. Schwab - Mind Garden, Inc.. N. p., 2014. Web. 2 May. 2014.Pranis, Kay, Barry Stuart, and Mark Wedge. Peacemaking Circles. 1st ed. St. Paul, Minn. Living justice Press, 2003. Print.

What is Education? Education has been an important aspect in people’s l

What is Education? Education has been an important aspect in quite a littles lives. As childrenWhat is Education?Education has been an important aspect in peoples lives. Aschildren, they start their academic careers in elementary check andas they grow older they move onto middle school, and then finally highschool. I believe that from elementary school to high school,students are acquire the minimal amount of study. Some peoplestop their education after their grade twelve year and some go ontopost-secondary institutions. In addition, I to a fault believe thatstudents who finish high school but decide not to pursuepost-secondary schools will have acquired enough education to carry onwith their lives and as well as getting entry level jobs. Furthermore, students who continue their education in colleges anduniversities will become more academically skilled while change magnitudetheir chances of getting a well paid job (depending on their major).Their lives will be enriched as well. In this paper, I will argue my thoughts on what is the stand up ofeducation. There are many ways to argue what the experience ofeducation is. My argument is that the experience of education meansgaining the skills and knowledge to not only to survive in the realworld, but to gain awareness and appreciation for life-long learningand the things that happen around us.Education is such a broad field as there are so many educational pathsto take to become successful in a particular field. Common knowledgesays that the education weve go through in elementary school havehelped prepare us for middle school. The same thing applies for entryto high school from middle school. These events from the three different c... ...e different situations. Theseskills should not be overlooked and should not be taken for granted. We must appreciate the world around us and be thankful for whateducation has provided us. Without education, we may not be able todo everyday things such as calculating our ex penses, thinkinglogically, and interpreting ones idea, etc. I believe that in life,all people to some extent are committed to life-long learning. Everyday we go through an experience such as study at school,helping out in the community, or being a good Samaritan. For everyexperience we gain, we use that experience to gain another experience. whole kit and caboodle CitedBarnhart, Clarence L., & Robert K. Barnhart, eds. The World BookDictionary Volume one A-K. Chicago, IL World Book Inc., 1993.Dewey, John. My Pedagogic Creed. The School Journal 54, no.3, 16January 1897 77 80.